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Electronic commerce, commonly written as e-commerce, is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. E-commerce businesses may employ some or all of the following: * Online shopping web sites for retail sales direct to consumers * Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-consumer or consumer-to-consumer sales * Business-to-business buying and selling * Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media * Business-to-business electronic data interchange * Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with newsletters) * Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services ==Timeline== A timeline for the development of e-commerce: * 1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later described as "the seminal act of e-commerce" in John Markoff's book ''What the Dormouse Said''. * 1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system. * 1981: Thomson Holidays UK is first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed.〔1988 Palmer.C Using IT for competitive advantage at Thomson Holidays, Long range Planning Vol 21 No.6 p26-29, Institute of Strategic Studies Journal,London- Pergamon Press (Elsevier.B.V. ) December 1988.〕 * 1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom and used for online ordering. * 1983: California State Assembly holds first hearing on "electronic commerce" in Volcano, California.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=E Commerce – Essays – Hpandurang92 )〕 Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.) * 1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping system and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper * 1984: In April 1984, CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the USA and Canada. It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service. * 1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client )〕 * 1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com) selling books online with credit card processing. * 1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 AppWrapper Volume 1 Issue 3 Ships )〕 * 1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure. * 1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and OpenMarket. * 1994: "Ten Summoner's Tales" by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase.〔http://news.cnet.com/E-commerce-turns-10/2100-1023_3-5304683.html〕 * 1995: The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet. * 1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, Product Manager for CompuServe UK, from W H Smith's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores (GUS), Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations. * 1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. * 1996: IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India. * 1996: ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea. * 1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web. * 1999: Alibaba Group is established in China. Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online. * 2000: The dot-com bust. * 2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001. * 2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion. Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal. * 2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit. * 2003: Bossgoo B2B marketplace established in China. * 2004: DHgate.com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the "yellow pages" model.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Diane Wang: Rounding up the "Ant" Heroes )〕 * 2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=R.H. Donnelley Acquires Business.com for $345M )〕 * 2009: Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million. Retail Convergence, operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million, plus up to $170 million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012. * 2010: Groupon reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from Google. Instead, the group buying websites went ahead with an IPO on 4 November 2011. It was the largest IPO since Google. * 2011: Quidsi.com, parent company of Diapers.com, acquired by Amazon.com for $500 million in cash plus $45 million in debt and other obligations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Amazon buys Diapers.com parent in $545 mln deal )〕 GSI Commerce, a company specializing in creating, developing and running online shopping sites for brick and mortar businesses, acquired by eBay for $2.4 billion. * 2014: Overstock.com processes over $1 million in Bitcoin sales. India’s e-commerce industry is estimated to have grown more than 30% from 2012 to $12.6 billion in 2013. US eCommerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of all retail sales.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US eCommerce Forecast: 2013 to 2018 )〕 Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever, worth $25 billion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「E-commerce」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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